Pharaohs were typically male, although there were some noteworthy female leaders, like Hatshepsut and Cleopatra. Though there is some debate among experts, many believe he was the first ruler to unite upper and lower Egypt (this is why pharaohs hold the title of “lord of two lands”). Many scholars believe the first pharaoh was Narmer, also called Menes. As a statesman, the pharaoh made laws, waged war, collected taxes, and oversaw all the land in Egypt (which was owned by the pharaoh). Maintaining religious harmony and participating in ceremonies were part of the pharaoh’s role as head of the religion. While early Egyptian rulers were called “kings,” over time, the name “pharaoh” stuck.Īs the religious leader of the Egyptians, the pharaoh was considered the divine intermediary between the gods and Egyptians. The word “pharaoh” means “Great House,” a reference to the palace where the pharaoh resides. As ancient Egyptian rulers, pharaohs were both the heads of state and the religious leaders of their people.
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